Design recovery rates were 91% for copper and 70% for gold. Mining authority means a government institution that is responsible for all or any part of occupational safety and health in mining. The mines regulations 2014 came into force on 6 april 2015 and replace all. Since open pit mines are generally larger than underground mines there is an economy of scale associated with surface mininglarge.
Open pit mining, mineral processing, materials handling program. I would like to thanks the academic and administrative staff of the school of mechanical and mining engineering for their gentleness and kindness with me during. Crosspit spreaders represent interesting alternatives for economic mining methods. Some pits operate at a rate of more than 100,000 tpd. The research project is aimed at increasing the knowledge regarding large scale slope stability and to develop a design methodology for large scale open pit slopes, with special application to the aitik mine in. Open pit mine planning fundamentals ep free download as pdf file. Armstrong1 1srk consulting south africa introduction the concept of vertical pit mining has developed as an alternative mining method for the exploitation. Summary appropriate for diverse audiences, this book is an outstanding technical reference that provides the reader with an understanding of the fundamental principles associated with the design and planning of modern surface openpit mines. Underground mining is used when the copper ore is not near the earths. The mining industry is vital to the australian economy, accounting for around 32% of annual exports. A mineral, with a few exceptions, is an inorganic substance occurring in nature that has a definite chemical composition and distinctive physical properties or molecular structure.
Media in category open pit mining the following 24 files are in this category, out of 24 total. Reactivation of research into factors affecting the design and stability of. The large number of illustrative examples and case studies, together with the exercises and the reference lists at the end pdf of each chapter, provide the student with all the material needed to study effectively the theory and application methods of open pit mine planning and design. Unesco eolss sample chapters civil engineering vol. Open pit, open cast or open cut mining is a surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow this form of mining differs from extractive methods that require tunnelling into the earth, such as long wall mining. The mining valuation handbook is the most comprehensive book published on this subject. Application of optimisation techniques in open pit mining. Geological resource, drill samples, ore body models and block modelling pit optimisation physical pit design equipment optimisation and requirements. The term open pit mining is usually used for metallic or nonmetallic deposits and sparingly used for bedded deposits like coal. Open pit mining is the most widely used technique of mining copper today. Ultra large hydraulic excavators and dump trucks for large. Geometric sequencing constraints see figure 2 and figure 3.
In a open pit coal mine, the pit bottom would be the bottom mined coal seam elevation, since it is usually feasible to extract multiple seams when surface mining coal. Open pit mines are used when deposits of minerals are found near the surface. Surface mining planning and design of open pit mining. Open pit mine financial model template efinancialmodels. It involves largescale movements of waste rock and vegetation, similar to open pit mining. Srk invites you to a workshop focused on open pit mine. The book is wellwritten and addresses topical subjects in a manner highly. The open pit design and scheduling problem is a largescale optimization problem that has. Surface mining planning and design of open pit mining 1. This form differs from mining methods requiring a tunnel or underground mining. Another example of very large open pit is given by these images taken from the highland valley copper mine in central british columbia in. For any such block, the value used for pit optimisation must be the difference between its open pit value and its underground value. Thanks in large part to the efforts by john chadwick of the mining journal, and many other members of the mining community, the hard rock miners handbook has been distributed to over 1 countries worldwide.
A subjects strip mining mining engineering mines a ciel ouvert conception et construction. Abstractgrade control in hardrock open pit mining is the process of determining the destination for the mined material. This premium finance edition has been fully revised, expanded and updated. Okubo encyclopedia of life support systems eolss figure 2. Planning and design procedure of an open pit mining project just can be started after ultimate pit determination. Pit mining is more cost effective than shaft mining because more ore can be extracted and more quickly. Additionally, like most traditional forms of mining, underground mining can release toxic compounds into the air and water.
The mining rate is greater than 20,000 tonnes per day tpd but is usually much greater. The fimiston open pit, known as the super pit, located in kalgoorlie in western australia. Consider a case in which some blocks can be mined by either open pit or underground method. Open pit mining does offer some advantages over traditional deep shaft mining. The second volume goes into more depth to provide a better understanding of the. The research project is aimed at increasing the knowledge regarding large scale slope stability and to develop a design methodology for large scale open pit slopes, with special application to the aitik mine in northern sweden. Openpit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found near the surface. Allow a potential miner to see visually and numerically annual basis what their possible financial position would look like when starting up an openpit mining operation.
Mathematical optimization models and methods for openpit mining. Openpit mine planning and design enterprises university of. Images and a discussion of open pit mining methods use in bisbee arizona. Divided into two volumes, this accessible work describes the principles involved in hard rock blasting as applied to open pit mines. Known also as opencast mining, openpit mining is the most common type of surface mining. Mine dewatering studies at jwaneng open pit diamond mine. The stepbystep introduction to mine design and planning enables a fastpath approach to. Mining industry response to the book continues to be incredible. It includes all facilities belonging to or used in connection with the mine. Figure 1 piper plots of water samples in the jwaneng mine area, debswana, 2007b figure 2 a initial conceptual model showing recharge areas in dolomite outcropping further south of the mine pit and the karstified dolomite beneath the mine and b alternative conceptual model. The naledi paleo valley is thought to be contributing to pit inflows via the semi perched alluvial sediments.
Open pit mine planning and design william a hustrulid, mark. Open library is an open, editable library catalog, building towards a web page for every book ever published. A common construct in open pit mining problems is the notion of spatial reference p oin ts called blo cks. Numerical studies are undertaken to show how grade control can be improved, that is, less ore sent to the waste dump and less waste sent to the mill. Open pit mining is a technique used to extract copper ore near the earths surface. Most of the mining activity is concentrated on open pit. Open pit mining is the process of mining a near surface deposit by means of a surface pit excavated using one or more horizontal benches. Vertical pit miningan alternative to open pit mining for. Determining the open pit to underground transition. Openpit mine planning and design presented by the department of mining engineering, university of pretoria course content the value chain incorporated into the course consists of. The thickness that is, the height of the benches depends on the type of deposit, the mineral being mined, and the equipment being used. Some technical aspects of open pit mine dewatering by v. The removal of this material is known as stripping. Osh regulations might need to be revised to ensure that the special requirements of smallscale miners are adequately covered.
However, surface mining can be more environmentallydamaging than subsurface mining. Please book your attendance on or before friday 31st march, 2017 to take advantage of the early bird discount. Openpit, opencast or open cut mining is a surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow this form of mining differs from extractive methods that require tunnelling into the earth, such as long wall mining. A large number of examples illustrate the application of the principles. Open pit mines can be used in coal mining, and they are used extensively in hard rock mining for ores such as metal ores, copper, gold, iron, aluminum, and many minerals. Mathematical optimization models and methods for openpit. They pass their loads on to largescale or overland conveyor systems to be carried to spreaders for dumping, back.
Apr 20, 2006 outstanding textbook designed for courses in surface mine design, open pit design, geological excavation engineering and in advanced open pit mine planning and design. Determination of ultimate pit limits in open mines using real. Ultra large hydraulic excavators and dump trucks for large openpit mines 270 to the rapid rise in fuel prices in recent years and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to help prevent global warming, with the first truck due to enter service in the fall of 2011 at a copper mine in zambia in africa. Open pit mining is a technique of open pit mining extraction of rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit sky.
Dagdelen mining engineering department, colorado school of mines. Jan 09, 2016 surface mining planning and design of open pit mining 1. Mining, process of extracting useful minerals from the surface of the earth, including the seas. Open pit mining methods are applicable to mining ore deposits that apex at or near the surface. Permission of the author and publisher is required for any other usage. Open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies. University of technology concerning large scale slope stability in open pit mining. The hard rock ore bodies that outcropped on surface were found long ago. Open pit mine planning and design, third edition mining.
If the deposit apexes below the surface, the overburden and barren capping overlying the ore must be removed in advance of open pit mining. It is accomplished by creating and using benches or terraces to gradually reach deeper under the earths surface. In the carried out study in this paper it was shown that the most important factor in ultimate pit determination and in consequence in the whole planning and design procedure of an open pit mine is the metal price. Open pit mining mining methods 5 open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies. The improvements in four aspects of grade control are proposed. Open pit optimization strategies for improving economics of mining projects through mine planning k. Prenn synopsis the model described is a design and economic planning tool for analyzing surface mineral deposhs. Environmental risks of mining massachusetts institute of.
Outstanding textbook designed for courses in surface mine design, open pit design, geological excavation engineering and in advanced open pit mine planning and design. Mineralization, topography, costs and significant goologic feature. Change in production and productivity of us coal mines the higher productivity for open pit mining equipment also lowers costs. Block size selection and its impact on openpit design and. To assess this information and to extrapolate to the next twenty years, this approach has been reinforced using published. This publication provides practical advice and guidance on what you have to do to. Pit optimization and mine production scheduling the way ahead, proc. Prestripping involved removal of 25 mt of weathered cover. Open pit mine planning fundamentals ep geometry mining. In many cases, logging of trees and clearcutting or burning of vegetation above the ore deposit may precede removal of the overburden.
The concentrator was designed to treat 80,00085,000 td, yielding 700,000 ty of coppergold concentrate. Open pit mine planning and design, two volume set, second edition. This unique course enables you to learn the basic theory of open pit mine design and the application thereof, whilst having the chance to interact with experts in the field. Openpit mining deposits mined by openpit techniques are generally divided into horizontal layers called benches. Openpit, opencast or open cut mining is a surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow. This project was completed mainly through the use of questionnaire sent to subcontractors in almost each country of the eu. The stepbystep introduction to mine design and planning enables a fastpath approach to the matter by undergraduate and graduate students. Compilation of a book providing guidelines for the design of slopes in open pit mines. Download, free, mining, mining books, mining ebooks, mining education, open pit mine planning and design, pdf, third edition 8 comments building on the success of its 2006 predecessor, this 3rd edition of open pit mine planning and design has been both updated and extended, ensuring that it remains the most complete and authoritative account of.
Open pit mine planning and design, two volume set, second. Substantial contributions to the development of economic inpit crushing systems for. Open pit mining, mineral processing, materials handling. The stripping pit limits must be extended beyond the limits of the ore pit to provide a bench, and the pit. Slope stability accidents are one of the leading causes of fatalities at u. These limits are that pit contour which is the result of extracting a volume of. A fundamental problem in open pit mine planning is that of determining the optimum ultimate pit limits of the mine. Although open pit mining problems have appeared in academic literature dating back to the 1960s, no standard representations exist, and there are no commonly available corresponding data sets.
Open pit mining practice in canada paperback january 1, 1964 by amil dubnie author see all formats and editions hide other formats and editions. Underground mining has the potential for tunnel collapses and land subsidence betournay, 2011. The mining rate in open pit mine planning uq espace. The first volume introduces basic engineering concepts and the building blocks that make up a blast design. The working conditions are safer for the miners because there is no risk of cave in or toxic gas. Open pit mine planning and design william a hustrulid. A scheduling algorithm for open pit mines, ima journal of mathematics applied in business and industry 7 1996, pp. Building on the success of its 2006 predecessor, this 3rd edition of open pit. Openpit mining is an operation in which blocks from the ground are dug to extract the ore contained in them, and in this process a deeper and deeper pit is formed until the mining operation ends. Jul 31, 2017 open pit mining is the process of mining a near surface deposit by means of a surface pit excavated using one or more horizontal benches.
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